The long-awaited and much-modified Compliance, Safety, Accountability
program known throughout the industry as CSA was officially launched by
the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) Dec. 12, 2010.
And within weeks, fleets were experiencing driver issues resulting from
the safety scoring system.
“It's
had much more far-reaching effects than we could ever have anticipated,”
says Randy Marten, chairman & CEO of Marten Transport. “They
estimated that between 10 to 12% of the drivers would go away as a
result of CSA, but I think that number will be much higher.” The carrier
was part of the pilot program and has been operating under the system
for longer than the typical carrier. Marten says he has already had to
let about 12% of his drivers go because of CSA-related safety issues.
FMCSA says the CSA program is
designed to emphasize driver safety enforcement. According to the
agency, studies have shown that unsafe driver behaviors are a major
contributor to commercial vehicle-related crashes and also that a small
segment of the commercial driver population is involved in a
disproportionately large number of crashes. As a result, FMCSA expanded
its approach to identifying and addressing unsafe drivers during
interventions with motor carriers.
HOW THE PROGRAM WORKS
CSA
is designed to identify truck driver behavior that can lead to an
increased likelihood of a crash. Made up of seven Behavior Analysis
Safety Improvement Categories, more commonly known as the seven BASICs,
the program uses approximately 600 different violations to amass a score
between 0 and 100 for each carrier. Each individual violation is
assigned a severity weight to determine the final score and place the
carrier within a percentile of similar carriers. Higher scores are
deemed to be an indicator of increased crash likelihood with certain
thresholds triggering an FMCSA intervention.
To
determine a carrier's percentile scores, FMCSA uses the Safety
Measurement System (SMS), which is comprised of the Carrier Safety
Measurement System (CSMS) and the Driver Safety Measurement System
(DSMS). The DSMS calculates a driver's score based on behavior and
aggregates it with the carrier's CSMS score for the final tally.
The
DSMS uses 36 months of a driver's roadside performance data across all
their employers. More recent violations are weighted more heavily than
older violations. Violations that occurred within the last six months
count three times; violations that occurred between six months and a
year ago count two times; and violations between one and two years old
count only one time. After two years, violations do not count at all,
but do remain on a driver's record.
THE BASICS
The
BASICs were developed through a collection of information from a number
of studies that quantify the associations between violations and crash
risk, as well as statistical analysis and input from enforcement
experts, FMCSA says. The BASICs are defined as follows:
- Unsafe driving: Operation of commercial motor vehicles in a dangerous or careless manner.
- Fatigued driving (hours of service): Operation of a vehicle by drivers who are ill, fatigued, or in non-compliance with the hours-of-service (HOS) regulations.
- Driver fitness: Drivers who are unfit due to lack of training, experience, or medical qualifications.
- Controlled substances and alcohol: Drivers who are impaired due to alcohol, illegal drugs, and misuse of prescription or over-the-counter medications.
- Vehicle maintenance: Failure to properly maintain a commercial vehicle.
- Cargo-related: Failure to properly prevent shifting loads, spilled or dropped cargo, overloading, and unsafe handling of hazardous materials.
- Crash indicator:
SMS evaluates a motor carrier's crash history, which, while not
specifically a behavior, may indicate a problem with the motor carrier
that warrants intervention.
The
carrier SMS evaluates the safety of individual motor carriers by
considering all safety-based roadside inspection violations, not just
out-of service violations, as well as state-reported crashes. By using
24 months of performance data, SMS assesses a motor carrier's safety
performance in each of the seven BASICs.
SMS
then calculates a measure for each BASIC by combining the time- and
severity-weighted violations/crashes (more recent violations are
weighted more heavily), normalized by exposure, which is a statistical
calculation that allows SMS to make a fair comparison between carriers
with different levels of activity (a hybrid of the number of power units
per vehicle miles traveled or the number of relevant inspections).
Applying
a similar approach to what was used in SafeStat, SMS converts each
carrier's BASIC measures into percentiles based on rank relative to
carriers with similar safety event groupings (number of relevant
inspections, number of inspections with violations, or number of
crashes).
The SMS data is updated monthly and takes approximately 10
business days to process and validate before it is uploaded to the CSA
website.
DRIVER MONITORING AND SCREENING SCORES
It's
critical under CSA that carriers properly screen potential drivers to
assess their safety scores; however, FMCSA does not assign formal safety
ratings to individual drivers. Neither drivers nor employing motor
carriers have access to the DSMS. While carriers are prioritized for
intervention based on their SMS score, drivers are only investigated
during a carrier investigation, therefore, no intervention thresholds
are in place for drivers.
Carriers
and drivers do have access to the new pre-employment screening program
(PSP) designed to assist carriers in assessing an individual operator's
crash and serious safety violation history. Through NIC Technologies,
motor carriers may request driver information for the purpose of
pre-employment screening only. The driver must provide written consent.
Individual drivers may request their own driver information record at
any time. Electronic profiles contain five years of crash data and three
years of inspection data.
A
carrier pays $10 for each requested driver history. An annual
subscription fee of $100 also applies. Carriers with fewer than 100
power units qualify for a discounted annual fee of $25 per year. Each
subscription includes up to 10 user accounts, including the
administrator. If you need more user credentials, you have to purchase a
second subscription for an additional 10 user credentials. The cost of
the second subscription is the same price as the initial subscription.
Individual
drivers can request a personal driving history for a fee of $10. No
subscription is necessary for individual drivers. To access PSP, visit
http://www.psp.fmcsa.dot.gov/Pages/Enroll.aspx.
The
PSP report, however, does not provide a driver DSMS score under CSA. It
can be complicated to read and come up with an accurate DSMS using PSP
because of differing language in reports, severity weights, caps on
duplicate violations, and timeframes of incidents. This is an issue one
industry supplier is attempting to remedy.
GIVING DRIVERS TOOLS
Vigillo
released Roadside Resume, a free driver scorecard, in January. The
program allows truck drivers to see their rating under the CSA system.
“This
is the only service in the trucking industry that will make CSA scores
available directly to individual drivers,” says Steve Bryan, CEO of
Vigillo. “FMCSA does not have a mechanism that allows drivers to access
their scores and see where they have safety deficiencies. Roadside
Resume will provide that information in a free report at anytime to any
driver holding a commercial driver's license.”
Vigillo's
driver scorecards are based on three years of violation history and up
to five current and past CDL numbers. The database includes information
from carriers that are Vigillo CSA scorecard subscribers or from the
newly created category of Affiliate members of the Vigillo Network,
companies that have elected to provide this service to their drivers by
giving Vigillo access to inspection data without paying to receive fleet
scorecards.
The performance of
drivers can have an impact on the ability of a fleet to secure freight
from its customers, Bryan adds, so carriers need to be very focused on
drivers who help and hurt their scores.
“Knowing
CSA scores is critical for drivers,” Bryan explains. “There is no other
industry where employees are scored and not told how they measure up.
I'm not going to bash the CSA program, but I am going to bash government
for creating a system to score drivers where their jobs and careers are
dependent on those scores and then not tell them their score. That's
riot-in-the-street-type stuff.”
As
of early February, Vigillo had more than 700,000 drivers in its system. A
huge influx of requests for driver reports began flowing into the
company. “We were asking ourselves, ‘What in the world have we done?’”
Bryan says. Vigillo's goal is to eventually have two million driver
reports in its database, focusing primarily on long-haul Interstate
truckers, “the ones who are really under the gun with CSA,” Bryan adds.
Vigillo customer fleets have access to driver data for pre-employment
screening purposes with permission from the driver.
Properly
screening drivers is critical under CSA, says Don Osterberg, senior
vice president of safety and driver training at Schneider National. The
carrier implemented PSP into its process as soon as it was available and
it's made an “enormous change” in how they screen driver applicants —
but not without a price. “It's not cheap. At $10 each, it's not a small
amount of money when you review as many drivers as we do.”
Osterberg
believes that carriers will have to avail themselves of the
government's PSP program or vendor reports such as those provided by
Vigillo prior to hiring drivers or else set themselves up for
litigation. “It will create exposure for carriers that don't use PSP,”
he says. But he also concurs that reading the PSP reports can be tricky.
“Descriptions of violations can differ from state to state; there is no
common language, so they can be confusing.”
THE WHOLE STORY
The
statistics from FMCSA are deceiving, Osterberg says, and there are a
lot more carriers with “alert level” scores under CSA than most people
think. Alert level means the carrier's CSA scores red-flag them for
inspections. Osterberg, citing Dept. of Transportation statistics, says
there are 750,000 carriers in the DOT database but only 92,000, or 12%,
actually have CSA scores. FMCSA, he says, states that only 10% of fleets
have alert level scores, but that's based on the total population. To
be accurate, you have to look only at those fleets that have CSA scores
and among them, 52,000, or 57%, have alert level scores, Osterberg
explains.
Having an alert level
score comes up as a red flag to enforcement personnel when they check a
vehicle's DOT number and will target the driver for an inspection.
Osterberg also suggests that CSA scores should be used by drivers in
determining which carriers they haul for.
Drivers
need to check a fleet's CSA score prior to hiring on or risk frequent
inspections. If the carrier has consistent maintenance and equipment
violations, drivers will steer clear of them to avoid adversely
affecting their own safety records. Fleets that don't have enough data
in the system to earn a CSA score are also red-flagged for inspections.
The
number-one driver violation under CSA is speeding, according to David
Heller, director of safety and policy for the Truckload Carrier's Assn.
Despite the fact that many fleets have speed limiters on their rigs, he
says, drivers are still racking up speeding violations on secondary
roads. They may have gotten away with it in the past, but under CSA
“they need to either get on board or they won't have a job,” Heller
says.
That certainly is the case at
Marten Transport. They are eliminating drivers with speeding issues
even if they don't have any accidents because “it's just too big a risk
and we can't afford it,” explains Randy Marten of Marten Transport. On
the plus side, since CSA began, Marten says he's seen a large drop in
DOT reportable accidents, which he largely attributes to equipping the
fleet with electronic onboard recorders.
Another
area where carriers have seen large numbers of violations is driver
failure to wear a seat belt. That should be something “you don't even
have to think about,” says Heller, but it's the third most common driver
violation under CSA.
In the short
time since its inception, the effects of CSA have gone much deeper than
imagined, says Marten. “People who aren't up to speed on this are
kidding themselves … badly.”
Typical violations and severity rating:
Failure to obey traffic control device | 5 |
Headlamps - failing to dim when required | 3 |
Following too close | 5 |
Improper lane change | 5 |
Lane restriction violation | 3 |
Improper passing | 5 |
Unlawfully parking and/or leaving vehicle in the roadway | 1 |
Reckless driving | 10 |
Railroad grade crossing violation | 5 |
Speeding | 5 |
State/local laws - speeding 1-5 mph over the speed limit | 1 |
State/local laws - speeding 6-10 mph over the speed limit | 4 |
State/local laws - speeding 11-14 mph over the speed limit | 7 |
State/local laws - speeding 15 or mph over the speed limit | 10 |
State/local laws - speeding in a work/construction zone | 10 |
State/local laws - operating a commercial vehicle while texting | 10 |
Improper turns | 5 |
Failure to yield right of way | 5 |
Hours-of-service violation | 7 |
Legal Representation
If you or your
trucking company have questions about CMV violations or questions about
compliance with any of these regulations, the attorneys at the law
firm of Bostwick & Price, P.C. are available to answer your
questions and concerns.
www.bostwickprice.com